Vaisala donates carbon dioxide sensors for a better built environment

Vaisala, a measurement technology company, has contributed its advanced CO₂ sensors to an exhibit at the 2025 Biennale Architettura in Venice, Italy. 

The Belgian Pavilion’s exhibition, Building Biospheres, curated by landscape architect Bas Smets and commissioned by the Flanders Architecture Institute, explores the use of trees to create a comfortable indoor climate.

“Climate change and the recent crises that we have faced, are forcing us to rethink the relationship between architecture and nature,” Smets said. “Historically and traditionally, architecture has isolated itself from the natural world, recreating an indoor climate with heating, ventilation and mechanical tools. As humans we prefer the conditions of a sub-tropical climate, so our project will investigate and demonstrate what happens when sub-tropical plants such as the camphor tree are used to manage the indoor environment.”

The Biennale di Venezia, established in 1895, is one of the world’s oldest cultural festivals, featuring around 30 permanent national pavilions. This year’s Biennale Architettura aims to eliminate waste, recycle materials, and regenerate natural systems, showcasing how the built environment can harmonise with nature.

In November 2024, a prototype of Building Biospheres was constructed at Ghent University’s Faculty of Bioscience Engineering. Professor Kathy Steppe and her team set up a greenhouse facility, monitoring sub-tropical trees with TreeWatch technology. The plants and monitoring equipment were later relocated to the Belgian Pavilion in Venice. Key environmental factors measured include light, temperature, humidity, and carbon dioxide, which significantly affect indoor comfort and well-being.

Advancing technology

“In order to maintain optimal conditions inside buildings, it is usually necessary to implement some form of heating, ventilation and/or air conditioning, but this can be very costly, both financially and from a carbon footprint perspective,” Prof. Steppe explained. “Plants actively interact with and help regulate their local climate through processes such as photosynthesis and transpiration. This means, for example, that the CO2 produced by humans, other organisms and natural processes can be taken up by plants during photosynthesis, helping to prevent excessive indoor CO₂ build-up.”

Indoor CO₂ levels impact comfort and performance. Well-ventilated spaces typically have 450–1,000 ppm CO₂, but levels above this can cause drowsiness, while concentrations exceeding 2,000 ppm may lead to headaches, poor concentration, and other symptoms. Extremely high levels can even be fatal.

The International Energy Agency notes that buildings account for 30% of global energy consumption and 26% of energy-related emissions. The Building Biospheres exhibit investigates how plants can reduce reliance on energy-intensive building management systems, challenging conventional architectural practices.

Vaisala’s participation aligns with its sustainability goals.

“We were delighted to be invited to participate in this highly respected event,” said Pekka Ravila, Vaisala’s vice president, Industrial Measurements EMEA. “Not just because it highlights the performance of our CO₂ sensors, but mostly because this represents a very exciting opportunity to help create a paradigm shift in the way that buildings are designed and managed. If we can achieve that, the potential beneficial impacts on climate change will be enormous.”